Drawing tutorials for beginners pdf download

There are certain conventional lines recommended by drawing codes. Usually two types of widths are used for the lines; they are thick and thin. Thick lines are in between 0. However, the exact thickness may vary according to the size and type of drawing.

If the size of drawing is larger, the width of the line becomes higher. There should also be a distinct contrast in the thickness of different kinds of lines, particularly between the thick lines and thin lines. Visible, cutting plane and short break lines are thick lines, on the other hand hidden, center, extension, dimension, leader, section, phantom and long break lines are thin.

Table 2. They should end on both sides by touching the visible lines and should touch themselves at intersection if any. Some geometric symbols are commonly used in almost every types of drawing while there are some special symbols used in specific types civil, mechanical, electrical etc.

Make a table showing the conventional lines most commonly used in engineering drawing mentioning their specific applications. Why have you studied lines and symbols? Why there is no specified proportion for dimension and extension line?

What is difference between applicability of a section line and a break line? Which conventional lined are to be drawn with 2H pencils? Which conventional lined are to be drawn with HB pencils? Draw some electrical symbol for household weiring. The plainest and most legible style is the gothic from which our single-stroke engineering letters are derived. The term roman refers to any letter having wide down ward strokes and thin connecting strokes.

Roman letters include old romans and modern roman, and may be vertical or inclined. Inclined letters are also referred to as italic, regardless of the letter style; text letters are often referred to as old English. Letters having very thin stems are called Light Face Letters, while those having heavy stems are called Bold Face Letters. In addition, light vertical or inclined guidelines are needed to keep the letters uniformly vertical or inclined. Guidelines are absolutely essential for good lettering and should be regarded as a welcome aid, not as an unnecessary requirement.

Make guidelines light, so that they can be erased after the lettering has been completed. Use a relatively hard pencil such as a 4H to 6H, with a long, sharp, conical point. The vertical guidelines are not used to space the letters as this should always be done by eye while lettering , but only to keep the letters uniformly vertical, and they should accordingly be drawn at random.

A guideline for inclined capital letters is somewhat different. The spacing of horizontal guidelines is the same as for vertical capital lettering.

The American Standard recommends slope of approximately Strokes of letters that extend up to the cap line are called ascenders, and those that extend down to the drop line, descenders. Since there are only five letters p, q. But the width of the stroke is the width of the stem of the letter. In the following description an alphabet of slightly extended vertical capitals has-been arranged in-group. Study the slope of each letter with the order and direction of the storks forming it. The proportion of height and width of various letters must be known carefully to letter them perfectly.

The top of T is drawn first to the full width of the square and the stem is started accurately at its midpoint. The first two strokes of the E are the same for the L, the third or the upper stoke is lightly shorter than the lower and the last stroke is the third as long as the lower.

The second stroke of K strikes stem one third up from the bottom and the third stroke branches from it. A large size C and G can be made more accurately with an extra stroke at the top.

U is formed by two parallel strokes to which the bottom stroke be added. J has the same construction as U, with the first stroke omitted. The middle line of P and R are on centerline of the vertical line. The background area between letters, not the distance between them, should be approximately equal.

Some combinations, such as LT and VA, may even have to be slightly overlapped to secure good spacing. In some cases the width of a letter may be decreased. For example, the lower stroke of the L may be shortened when followed by A. Words are spaced well apart, but letters with in words should be spaced closely. Make each word a compact unit well separated from the adjacent words. For either upper case or lower-case lettering, make the spaces between words approximately equal to a capital O.

Avoid spacing letters too far apart and words too close together. Most of the lettering is done in single stroke either in vertical or in inclined manner. Only one style of lettering should be used throughout the drawing. Lettering can be done either in free hand or using templates. Standard height of letters and numbers are 2. Review Questions: 1. Why have you studied lettering? What is the difference between Gothic and Roman letters?

Which style of lettering is most commonly used in engineering drawing and why? What do you mean by guidelines? Why is it used? What are the ISO rules for lettering? How do you maintain the spaces between letters, words and lines? Which letters have equal height and width?

What are the standard heights of letters in engineering drawing? These methods are illustrated in this chapter, and are basically simple principles of pure geometry. These simple principles are used to actually develop a drawing with complete accuracy, and in the fastest time possible, without wasted motion or any guesswork.

Applying these geometric construction principles give drawings a finished, professional appearance. Strict interpretation of geometric construction allows use of only the compass and an instrument for drawing straight lines but in technical drawing, the principles of geometry are employed constantly, but instruments are not limited to the basic two as T-squares, triangles, scales, curves etc.

Since there is continual application of geometric principles, the methods given in this chapter should be mastered thoroughly. It is assumed that students using this book understand the elements of plane geometry and will be able to apply their knowledge. It is actually represented on the drawing by a crisscross at its exact location.

Lines may be straight lines or curved lines. A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. There are three major kinds of angles: right angels, acute angles and obtuse angles. The various kinds of triangles: a right triangle, an equilateral triangle, an isosceles triangle, and an obtuse angled triangle.

When opposite sides are parallel, the quadrilateral is also considered to be a parallelogram. The most important of these polygons as they relate to drafting are probably the triangle with three sides, square with four sides, the hexagon with six sides, and the octagon with eight sides.

Some helpful relations to be remembered for regular polygons are: 1. The major components of a circle are the diameter, the radius and circumference. The surfaces are called faces, and if these are equal regular polygons, the solids are regular polyhedral.

Thus, the remaining of this chapter is devoted to illustrate step-by-step geometric construction procedures used by drafters and technicians to develop various geometric forms. First of all we have to be well-expertise in using set squares particularly for drawing parallel and perpendicular lines. In the given process, a line will also be constructed at the exact center point at exactly Where this line intersects line A-B, it bisects line A-B.

Line D-E is also perpendicular to line A-B at the exact center point. This new line is longer than the given line and makes an angle preferably of not more than with it.

The original line AB will now be accurately divided. D C Fig. Draw a straight line from A to D. Point X is the exact center of the arc or circle. If all work is done correctly, the arc or circle should pass through each point. In this example, place the compass point at point A of the original shape and extend the lead to point B.

Swing a light arc at the new desired location. Letter the center point as A' and add letter B' at any convenient location on the arc. It is a good habit to lightly letter each point as you proceed. Place the compass point at letter B of the original shape and extend the compass lead to letter C of the original shape. Transfer this distance, B-C, to the layout.

Going back to the original object, place the compass point at letter A and extend the compass lead to letter C. Transfer the distance A-C as illustrated in Figure. Locate and letter each point. This completes the transfer of the object.

Recheck all work and, if correct, darken lines to the correct line weight. Use the longest line or any convenient line as a starting point.

Line A-B is chosen here as the example. Lightly divide the shape into triangle divisions, using the baseline if possible. Transfer each triangle in the manner described in previous procedure. Check all work and, if correct, darken in lines to correct line thickness. Letter a diameter as HB.

Now set off distances DE around the circumference of the circle, and draw the sides through these points. Diagonals will intersect the circle at 4 points. These tangents will meet the sides of square drawn in step 3. Now darken the obtained octagon. Given: Number of sides and the diameter of circle that will circumscribe the polygon.

Mark a diameter. As example let us draw a 7 sided polygon. Mark the diameter as Taking as radius of compass, cut the circumference in 7 equal segments to obtain the corners of the seven sided polygon and connect the points. Given: Length of one side and number of sides i. Thus the polygon will be drawn. Given: Number of sides and diameter of out scribing circle. Then AB is the length of one side.

Now set off distances AB around the circumference of the circle, and draw the sides through these points. Given: Number of sides and diameter of inscribing circle. At each point of intersection draw a tangent to the circle. The tangents will meet each other at 1, 2, 3, 4…… etc. Then ….. Label the end points of the chord thus formed as A and B. Locate points C and D where these two lines pass through the circle.

Where these lines cross is the exact center of the given circle. Place a compass point on the center point; adjust the lead to the edge of the circle and swing an arc to check that the center is accurate.

This arc will touch the line AB and the given arc. Center locations given Radius given Fig. It forms a gentle curve that reverses itself in a neat symmetrical geometric form. In this example, from point B to point C. Draw a perpendicular from line C-D at point C to intersect the perpendicular bisector of C-X which locates the second required swing center.

Place the compass point on the second swing point and swing an arc from X to C. This completes the ogee curve. Note: point X is the tangent point between arcs. Check and. If r1 , r2 and AB are given draw them accordingly. If value of r1 , r2 are given simply draw the arc EF taking radius as r2- r1 and center as B. Then PQ will be the required tangent. Thus the ellipse will be completed.

Divide a line of length 40mm into 7 equal parts. Draw a regular pentagon inscribing a circle of diameter 80mm. Avoid use of protractor. Draw a regular pentagon out scribing a circle of diameter mm. Draw a regular pentagon having length of side as 45mm. Draw a regular hexagon inscribing a circle of diameter 80mm.

Draw a regular hexagon out scribing a circle of diameter mm. Draw a regular hexagon having length of side as 45mm. Draw a regular octagon inscribing a circle of diameter 80mm. Draw a regular octagon out scribing a circle of diameter mm. Draw a regular octagon having length of side as 45mm. Draw a 9 sided regular polygon inscribing a circle of radius 50mm. A 80mm long horizontal straight line is located outside a circle of radius 30mm, such that a 50mm line drawn from center of the circle meets the mid-point of the straight line at right angle.

Draw two arc tangents, each having a radius of 40mm touching the circle and one of the ends of the straight line. Draw a common arc tangent of radius 70mm to the two circles having their centers 80mm apart and having diameters of 50mm and 30mm respectively.

Draw an ogee curve to connect two parallel lines each of length 20mm and their mid-points spaced 30mm vertically and 70mm horizontally. Two wheels with diameters 3. Draw the line diagram of the arrangement. Use a reduced scale. Draw an ellipse having major and minor axis length as 90mm and 60mm. Why have you studied geometric drawings? Name the geometric nomenclatures and draw a qualitative shape of them. Name and draw the different types of lines.

What do you mean by isosceles, equilateral and scalene triangle? What are different types of quadrilaterals? Draw them. What is the difference between parallelogram, trapezoid, rectangle, square and rhombus?

What do you mean by regular polygon? How can you calculate summation of all internal angles of a polygon? A circle has a diameter of cm. Draw a circle showing chord, diameter, radius, arc, segment and sector. Name some solid geometric form. Draw a parallel or perpendicular line to a given line at any point using set-square.

Transfer a given polygon to other specified point. Locate the center of a given circle. Draw a tangent to the two given circle. A complete set of dimensions will permit only one interpretation needed to construct the part.

In some cases, engineering drawing becomes meaningless without dimensioning. Maintaining scale only does not make a drawing sufficient for manufacturer. By direct measurement from drawing according to the scale is very laborious, time-consuming and such a part cannot be manufactured accurately. But for overcrowded drawing they can be drawn at an oblique angle as well.

Correct Wrong Fig. They are usually drawn freehand. It must not be either away from the line or cross the line. They are also used to present note, symbols, item number or part number etc. R3 Fig. Unidirectional system: All the dimensions are oriented to be read from the bottom of drawing.

It is also known as horizontal system. This system is preferred to aligned system. Aligned system: All the dimensions are oriented to be read from the bottom or right side of the drawing. These are dimensions which indicate the overall size of the object and the various features which make up the object. Locational dimensions are dimensions which locate various features of an object from some specified datum or surface. Figure gives examples of size and location dimensions.

Sometimes the space may be even too small to insert arrows, in such case dimensions as well as arrows can be provided on outside of the extension lines as shown in Fig. Sometimes smaller circular dots are used in place of arrowhead for space limitation. Portion to be enlarged Enlarged view of A Use of small dot Fig. The symbols used to depict degrees, minutes, and seconds are also shown in this figure.

Angular measurements may also be stated in decimal form. This is particularly advantageous when they must be entered into an electronic digital calculator. The key to converting angular measurements to decimal form is in knowing that each degree contains 60 minutes, and each minute contains 60 seconds. If space is limited then leaders can be used comfortably.

An arc symbol is placed above the dimension. Why have you studied dimensioning? Which information are provided in dimensioning system?

What are the conditions for a good dimension system? Name the elements of dimensioning system. What are the rules that must be followed while dimensioning? What is the purpose of extension line and what are the rules to be followed for extension line? What is the purpose of dimension line and what are the rules to be followed for dimension line? What is the purpose of leaders and what are the rules to be followed for leaders? What are the uses of arrowheads in dimensioning and what are the rules to be followed for arrowheads?

What is the proportion of width and length of an arrowhead? Draw a square out scribing a circle and complete dimensioning. What is the difference between aligned and unidirectional dimensioning? Give examples. What will you do when the space between extension lines is too small to accommodate the dimension line with text at its middle? What will you do when the space between extension lines is too small to accommodate the dimension line with arrows? What will you do when the feature is too small to make the dimension visible?

What is the difference of dimensioning of chord, arc and angle? Give example. Draw a circular hole of 2cm deep and give dimensions to it. It is not possible always to make drawings of an object to its actual size as the extent of drawing paper is limited and also sometimes the objects are too small to make it clearly understandable by drawing its actual size in drawing paper. Scale is the technique by which one can represent an object comfortably as well as precisely within the extent of drawing paper.

In other words, a scale is a measuring stick, graduated with different divisions to represent the corresponding actual distance according to some proportion. Numerically scales indicate the relation between the dimensions on drawing and actual dimensions of the objects. It is represented as scale. If possible, drawing should be done in full scale.

Reducing Scale The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are reduced to some proportion is known as reducing scale. The standard formats of reducing proportions are: - drawing made to one-half of the actual size - drawing made to one-fifth of the actual size - drawing made to one-tenth of the actual size - drawing made to one-fiftieth of the actual size - drawing made to one-hundredth of the actual size Enlarging Scale The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are increased to some proportion is known as reducing scale.

The standard formats of enlarging proportions are: - drawing made to twice the actual size - drawing made to five times the actual size - drawing made to ten times the actual size Md. It is simply a line divided into a number of equal parts and the 1st part is further sub-divided into small parts. It is so named because the 2nd sub-unit or 2nd decimal of main unit is obtained by the principle of diagonal division.

Table 6. Scale is constructed by simply dividing the line Scale is constructed by dividing the line longitudinally. For example let us consider a plan drawn in inch units and scale provided with drawing can measure in feet and inch. If we draw another scale taking same R. Also if we draw another scale that can measure in cm and mm with same R.

It consists of a fixed main scale and a movable vernier scale. This scale is usually marked on a rectangular protractor. Therefore, to get the actual measurements, it is a must to know the proportion using which the drawing is prepared.

Sometimes the drawing may need to be prepared to an odd proportion like In such case individual scale construction is required for that specific drawing. It is often found helpful and convenient to construct and draw the corresponding scale on the drawing than mentioning the proportion in language. On the other hand if a drawing is to be used after decades, the paper may shrink or Md.

Taking measurements from such a drawing using the proportion mentioned will give some inaccurate result. But if a scale is constructed an drawn during the preparation of 1st time, the drawn scale will also shrink or expand in the same proportion to the drawing.

Thus if one take measurements with the help of the drawn scale, accurate measurements will be obtained. The ratio of the distance on drawing paper of an object to the corresponding actual distance of the object is known as the representative fraction R.

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